Illicit Trafficking of All Types Research Paper

Illicit Trafficking of All Types - Research Paper Example The activities along these ports have attracted human traffickers, drug barons and even terrorists. Many South American illegal goods find their way in Africa through the ports in the Indian Ocean. This may be attributed to corruption and poor custom laws and regulations (Ploch, 2010). With the effects of the trafficking activities affecting many international countries the sensitivity of the matter has increased. In this paper I will focus on Kenya activities along the Kenyan coast. The paper will focus on human, drugs and weapon trafficking in Kenya. Additionally, it will focus on the effects of these activities in the country and the international community. The paper will have an insight on how the trafficking activities affect the United States. Kenya’s port city of Mombasa is one of the largest cities along the coast of the horn of Africa. Neighboring countries like Uganda and Rwanda use the port for export purposes since they are landlocked. This has made the port becom e the largest port in East Africa. This has attracted interests from many illegal stakeholders. First on focus is the issue of weapon trafficking. According to Shelly (2010) about 5,000 illegal firearms enter the country on an annual basis. These weapons find their way into the hands of interested people in the country. They are later sold at cheaper prices to pastoralist communities and other illegal gangs. In other instances, the firearms end up in other neighboring countries. Apart from the trafficking of firearms, explosive devices in Kenya are also on the increase. During this year, the country has had about seven explosive attacks in major cities. The explosives used in the scenes are said to have originated from a foreign country. Most firearms in Kenya are usually from the neighboring Somalia or destined to Somalia. Somalia is an unstable country, hence, traffickers find it an easier route to smuggle weapons to Kenya. Weapon trafficking in Kenya also involves top government officials. These powerful individuals are usually the masterminds of trafficking activities in the country. This hinders any investigative procedures from taking place. Weapon trafficking in Kenya has greatly affected the United States. In the year 1998 the US embassy was a main target in a terrorist attack in Nairobi. The terrorist attack was the worst attack experienced in the country. The Al- Qaeda group claimed responsibility for the attack and said it was aimed at destroying the US embassy. This was evidence that weapon trafficking in the country is a more complicated and strategized crime (Clinton, 2010). The United States government had to highly compensate the victims of the attack. Drug trafficking in Kenya has also been an emerging issue as far legality is concerned. Through its coastal town Mombasa, drugs enter the country from South American countries. Large consignments of drugs find their way to Kenya through various entry points. Entry points include border with neigh boring countries, through airports and majorly through the port of Mombasa. In the coastal city, many youths are now in rehabilitation centers after being exposed to drugs at a very young age. Many youths turn into small scale peddlers. They sell the drugs to school students and other young people. This has destroyed the young generation in Kenyan coastal region. Just like the weapon trafficking menace, powerful personalities are greatly involved in the smuggling of drugs into the country (Ploch, 2010). From the coastal

Wardrobe Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wardrobe Reaction Paper - Essay Example I believe that remaining cool and cozy is most important and this is the reason why I am at my best with jeans, T-shirt and sneakers, wearing them as and when I need. For bumming around, I am usually in my shorts and spaghetti straps because that is the best time of my day (or even night). I use slippers to go around the house and be at my very best. My wardrobe communicates to me a sense of ease and coziness. I am of what I am and that is depicted easily through my wardrobe which makes me proud of the same. This is clear through my emphasis on a lot of T-shirts and jeans, as specific examples. Others react to certain items of my wardrobe in a very positive way. My friends think that I represent cool-ness from the onset, as I have literally everything that puts me at absolute comfort and ease. This is apparent in the examples of my sneakers, T-shirts and jeans which are branded and thus provide me extra comfort on nearly all occasions whenever I don them. To convey a mood or to wear an impression, I usually find the most apt attire. This could be a T-shirt when I am feeling all good about my own self or even a spaghetti strap when I am in the mood to go for a dinner with my colleagues.

The Model That Kubler Ross Came Up With Philosophy Essay

The Model That Kubler Ross Came Up With Philosophy Essay This is an idea spearheaded by Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. The doctor studied and came up with methods of support and guidance for people who suffered from trauma, grief and grieving. This study of death is called thanatology this would in turn make Dr Kubler-Ross a thanatologist and she has contributed a lot to the relevance of this genre. The studies and research she did helped others to be able to cope with the grief they experienced either personally or through friends and loved ones. This is mostly because before her theories mostly people just put aside their feelings, this especially with the western civilization who take death as a bad omen or taboo. Dr. Kubler-Ross came up with the main stages that one undergoes when in grief and the effects that this has on the person involved and the society at large. The behaviours of those under grief range from the belief they could not stop the events that occurred for them to suffer grief, the grieving might have different conflicting emotions where they cope with what has occurred. The grieving can move from laughter to sadness. They may engage in activities to occupy their minds and so forth. Experts believe that grief can be classified into two main styles: Intuitive and Instrumental where Instrumental represent those people that perform physical activities as their way of grieving for instance sports, dancing and hobbies that excite them. Intuitive on the other hand take from the event that led to the grief and start taking their lives from a different perspective by changing the way they live, do more charity work, mend broken relationships since life is too short and it is not worth to hold grudges. The model that Kubler-Ross came up with constituted five main stages. This was illustrated in her book On Death and Dying  [1]  . The first stage is Denial, in this stage the individual grieving due to loss or any other stressful activity that has happened for instance broken relationships and loss of employment (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (1974)). The grieving believes they are fine with everything and that they have nothing to worry about. This according to Dr Kubler-Ross is only but a temporary solution since one now takes situations more personally and it takes a heavy toll to hide the real feelings they have. The other stage is anger, this stage the affected individual is angered by why this has happened to them and not to anyone else though it may have happened to many other people before them (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (1974)). This people believe that the world has something against them and they look for people or something to let it out on. These people start being violent and unbecoming towards those close to them which make the situation even worse. In this stage the person grieving cannot continue with denial as this is not enough, this makes them do something they might regret but seemed a good idea at the time. The next stage is bargaining the individual has now come to terms with what has happened and now tries to make sure they give themselves hope to have enough time in the world if they are dying or more time with their loved ones if your loved one is faced with death. The end result is now at hand and one will do close to anything to have just a little more time. Bargaining will include spending all your life savings to postpone the death of the loved one this includes having them on life support for as long as possible until you are even bankrupt(KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross(2005)). This stage one has already accepted their fate but believe if they could only have more time. The person grieving wants more time to make sure they have done everything or most of what they wished to do in their bucket list before they say their final goodbye. The next stage is Depression, here one has given up if one is dying they do not bother with anything anymore if one is losing a loved one they lose hope also and do not want to continue on with their lives. The knowledge that death is now very certain one disconnects, for the one dying they may refuse to see those they loved, they grieve on their own and accept their fate since constantly seeing those they love is even worse (KuÃÅ'ˆbler-Ross (2005)). Those losing a loved one should not try to give them false hopes as this will counteract on them so they should leave their loved ones to process the grief they are facing as this is very important for them. The last and final stage is acceptance one here has to prepare themselves of the expected reality. This is where one cannot change what is to happen so they do their best to make sure they have come to terms with what is to happen and say their goodbye. When one accepts the reality they can be able to move on in peace and cherish the life lived by those they lost. These stages when first formulated by Dr. Kubler-Ross mostly involved those suffering from terminal illnesses for instance cancer but it was later translated to also be relevant for personal loss which includes job, relationships, freedom and natural disasters. These stages may not be experienced by every person in the world who is grieving nor in the order shown above but one must experience at least two of the stages when grieving. The process of grieving is very important and one should not force it or rush to recovery. This process should be left to work itself out for as long as required. This should go on until one eventually reaches the final stage of accepting their loss and move on from here as there is so much to live for. It is very important to realize that as life is important death is equally important and one should be able to understand and embrace it as it is inevitable. This model of grief applies to gender due to the fact the toll taken by the different gender male and female is very diverse. The problems or grief faced by a male towards risks or dangerous situations is not that threatening but the same to a female is very threatening. Examples include men are the ones who are tasked with being the source of security while women stay behind the scenes. The same is true for grief women tend to show their grief more openly than their male counterparts thus a female is more likely to recover from grief faster than men since they do not hide the toll grief takes on them making their recovery quicker, while men mostly are in denial for a very long time thus the process is very slow and they hurt more emotionally. Emotional responses are different across the gender roles thus the grief model helps us understand the perspectives that people are different. This shows we should give the individual suffering from some grief ample time to recover from the issues associated with the loss  [2]  . The time it takes for you if quick do not push others to also come to terms with their grief as this may have a negative effect on the person. The model of Kubler-Ross acknowledges there is more or less a pattern for individuals suffering from bereavement, great loss, loss of employment and the levels that it affects the individuals vary greatly. The result eventually is acceptance and no matter how long it takes or the order of the stages of grief they will cope. The main realization of this model is life moves on and with time everyone heals. Once an individual realizes how to deal with their emotions they will be able to undergo this process more easily. Grief is experienced by everyone at one time or another and the time it takes to heal varies from one person to the next. It can be anywhere from a month to even two or more years. Grief does not mean that one cannot experience happiness, joy and laughter this can be felt even when one is suffering from even the worst of situations. Other people their grief is recurring even after long periods of time. This is mostly due to underlying issues in their psychology for instance depression that was aggravated as a result of the loss or dependency on the lost loved one in your life thus they are a constant reminder they are no longer there for you. There have been other experts that show that to cope with grief is not necessarily in stages but a dual process. This was described by Stroebe and Schut that it is changing from experiences you have of loss to your normal experiences before the loss came into the picture. This helps the bereaved to realize there is more to live for and so come to terms with their grief. The work of psychologist J.W. Worden also noted the tasks of grief which involved the acceptance of the reality of the loss as one cannot do anything about it. The second was to work through the pain of grief this is the same as taking your time to heal and recover from the loss to return your life to normal. The next task is to adjust your life to living without the lost loved one in your day to day environment. The last task is to control your emotions to the fact the deceased is no longer with us and thus move on with your life without them. In children, grief, for example in divorce, is manifested through a systematic process. The first step is denial, where the children feel the requirement to accept that their guardians will get back together, or they will alter their opinion about the separation. There is the thought in the childs head that both parents will change their minds and get back together. The next step is anger. This is where children feel the requirement to accuse somebody for their pity and misfortune. This is evident where the child is agitated and blames one parent from leaving them. Next, a child is at a stage where they want to bargain. In this stage, kids feel as though they have some state in the scenario assuming that they carry a deal to the table. This causes them keep concentrated on the positive that the scenario may change, and less kept tabs on the negative, and the bitterness theyll encounter after the separation. For example, a child may want to run errands hoping that this will bring peace to the parents and defer the breakup. Depression next sets in, and includes the tyke encountering bitterness when they know there is nothing else to be finished, and they acknowledge they cant stop the separation. The folks need to let the tyke encounter this technique of lamenting in light of the fact that provided that they dont, it will just indicate their failure to adapt to the scenario. Finally, a child acknowledges the situation. This does not fundamentally imply that the tyke will be altogether cheerful once more. The acknowledgement is only moving past the wretchedness and beginning to acknowledge the separation. The sooner the folks begin to proceed onward from the scenario, the sooner the kids can start to acknowledge the actuality of it. Grief during a break up occurs in the following manner. In the denial stage, the individual being broken up with is unable to concede that the relationship is truly over. Theyll surmise that it is either a joke or that the other partner will soon come to acknowledge that it was an oversight and theyll be back together. In the anger stage, when the actuality sets in that the relationship is over, it is common for one partner to demand the knowledge of why the relationship ended. This stage can make them feel like they are being treated treacherously and it might cause them to end up being angry at individuals near them who want to help the break up scenario. After the anger stage, comes the bargaining stage where one will attempt to argue with their previous spouse by guaranteeing that whatever initiated the breakup will never happen again. Next the individual may feel debilitated that their bargaining supplication did not persuade their previous spouse to alter their opinion. This will send the individual into the depression stage and can create an absence of sleep, eating food and even upset everyday bodily functions such as bowel movement. Acknowledgement and moving on from the scenario and individual is the final stage. The individual acknowledges that the relationship is over and starts to get up and go on with their life. The individual may not be totally over the scenario however they are finished backpedaling and onward to the focus where they can acknowledge the actuality of the scenario. In the case of alcohol abuse, an individual feels that they dont have an issue concerning liquor or substances. Regardless of the fact that they do feel as though they may have a minor issue they accept that they have finite control over the scenario and can quit drinking or doing pills whenever they need. During their angry phase, the abuser identifies with how they get angry on the grounds that they have a habit or are angry that they can no longer use drugs. Some are angry that they are enslaved by drugs and do not want to be like so anymore, and others are angry that they can no longer use drugs. In the bargaining stage, medication and liquor abusers endure when they are attempting to influence themselves or another person that they are setting off to quit misapplying to receive something in return or get them out of inconvenience. In the depression stage, sadness and sadness are vital parts of the sadness stage while managing a medication abuser. Most abusers experience this when they are facing the withdrawal stage stopping their compulsion. It is essential to convey the aforementioned sentiments as a technique of the mending. The acceptance stages ends up with substance abusers conceding you have an issue is diverse the same as tolerating you have an issue. At the time you concede you have an issue this is less averse to happen in the bartering stage. Tolerating that you have an issue is when you acknowledge that you have an issue and begin the procedure to resolution the issue. As stated in the above examples, as per her theory, Kà ¼bler-Ross guaranteed the aforementioned stages dont essentially come in place, nor are everything stages encountered by all patients. She stated, in any case, that an individual will dependably encounter no less than two of the stages. Regularly, individuals will encounter numerous stages in a roller coaster impact switching between two or more stages, coming back to one or more sometimes before working through it. Women are more possible than men to experience each of the five stages. Nonetheless, the Kà ¼bler-Ross theory holds that there are people who battle with expiration until the close. Certain clinicians accept that the harder an individual battles passing, the more probable they will be to stay in the refusal stage. Provided that this is the situation, it is conceivable the affected individual will have more trouble biting the dust in a noble manner. Different analysts state that not facing death until the end is better for some individuals. A dying persons approach to passing on has been joined to the measure of significance and reason an individual has discovered all through his lifetime. An investigation of 160 individuals with less than three months to live demonstrated that those who felt they comprehended their reason in life or considered uncommon importance, confronted less fear and lose hope in the last weeks of their lives than those who had not. In this and comparative studies, deep sense of being assisted kicking the bucket people manage the wretchedness stage more forcefully than those who were not otherworldly. Investigations of teaching method, the procedure of instructing, propose that the examples of distress are restricted of depicting the fundamental examples of joining new informative content that clashes with past convictions. Additionally, see Learning hypothesis (training) All truth passes through three stages. First and foremost, it is scorned. Second, it is brutally contradicted. Third, it is acknowledged as being undeniable. stated Arthur Schopenhauer of the studying technique, which relates to the five phases of distress with mocking being disavowal, restriction being anger and bartering, and acknowledgement being gloom and acknowledgement. There is additionally a theory which recommends that this studying methodology is the same example perceived in the here and there and then here again circling development of a molecule being aggravated by a wave.[6] Emotional force climbs and down and up once more, while information moves regressive, forward, back, and then send once more, until the distinctive is blissful with the way they have mixed the new qualified data with the old. We comprehend that individuals immersed in the result of grief need to realize what to need and to what extent it will keep going. Such inquiries can never be attractively answered. Since each griever is exceptional, there are no quick answers about sorrow. To the extent that as weve put into disproving the stages, Kubler-Ross herself disproves them superior to we can in the opening passage of On Grief and Grieving: The stages have developed since their presentation, and they have been extremely misconstrued in the course of recent decades. They were never intended to assist tuck chaotic feelings into flawless bundles. They are reactions to misfortune that numerous individuals have, yet there is not an ordinary reaction to misfortune, as there is no run of the mill misfortune. Our anguish is as distinctive as our lives. Not everybody lives out every last one of them or goes in a recommended request.

Shakespeares Othello - Iago has No Conscience :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Iago of Othello  Ã‚   Iago has no conscience. He is an angry man and is happy to take down everyone around him to get what he wants: revenge. It is in Act 1, Scene 3, that he devises his evil plan. Here we can see inside Iago's mind. It is easy to see that his primary motivation is jealousy: jealousy that Othello may have slept with his wife, and jealousy that Othello chose Cassio over him. As he plots his revenge, it is clear Iago respects and cares for no one. (Act 1, Scene 3, 378-381) I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets H'as done my office. I know not if't be true, But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do, as if for surety. Iago states here he suspects Othello may have slept with his wife. He is not sure of this, but declares that surety is not necessary. I believe Iago is not so much concerned with his wife being unfaithful, but that he can't stand the thought that it may have been with Othello. (Act 1, Scene 3, 381-382) He holds me well; The better shall my purpose work on him. This shows how conniving Iago is. He will use the fact that Othello trusts him to get his revenge. (Act 1, Scene 3, 383-385) Cassio's a proper man. Let me see now; To get his place, and to plume up my will In double knavery. How? How? Let's see. Here "double knavery" means to pull off one stunt and obtain two desired outcomes - to get Cassio's position (which he felt he deserved) and to make himself appear respectful for his ego's sake. Another benefit of getting Cassio's position is he can be closer to Othello. When he accomplishes this, he will be able to obtain even more trust from Othello and begin manipulating him to believe that Cassio and Desdemona are having an adulteress relationship: (Act 1, Scene 3, 386-389) After some time, to abuse Othello's ears That he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected - framed to make women false. Iago knows that Othello is a man of integrity and therefore, believes others to be so until proven differently. Iago has no respect for integrity and consequently, has no respect for Othello. This is obvious in his reference to Othello as an "ass" which can "tenderly be led by th' nose. Shakespeare's Othello - Iago has No Conscience :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Iago of Othello  Ã‚   Iago has no conscience. He is an angry man and is happy to take down everyone around him to get what he wants: revenge. It is in Act 1, Scene 3, that he devises his evil plan. Here we can see inside Iago's mind. It is easy to see that his primary motivation is jealousy: jealousy that Othello may have slept with his wife, and jealousy that Othello chose Cassio over him. As he plots his revenge, it is clear Iago respects and cares for no one. (Act 1, Scene 3, 378-381) I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets H'as done my office. I know not if't be true, But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do, as if for surety. Iago states here he suspects Othello may have slept with his wife. He is not sure of this, but declares that surety is not necessary. I believe Iago is not so much concerned with his wife being unfaithful, but that he can't stand the thought that it may have been with Othello. (Act 1, Scene 3, 381-382) He holds me well; The better shall my purpose work on him. This shows how conniving Iago is. He will use the fact that Othello trusts him to get his revenge. (Act 1, Scene 3, 383-385) Cassio's a proper man. Let me see now; To get his place, and to plume up my will In double knavery. How? How? Let's see. Here "double knavery" means to pull off one stunt and obtain two desired outcomes - to get Cassio's position (which he felt he deserved) and to make himself appear respectful for his ego's sake. Another benefit of getting Cassio's position is he can be closer to Othello. When he accomplishes this, he will be able to obtain even more trust from Othello and begin manipulating him to believe that Cassio and Desdemona are having an adulteress relationship: (Act 1, Scene 3, 386-389) After some time, to abuse Othello's ears That he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected - framed to make women false. Iago knows that Othello is a man of integrity and therefore, believes others to be so until proven differently. Iago has no respect for integrity and consequently, has no respect for Othello. This is obvious in his reference to Othello as an "ass" which can "tenderly be led by th' nose.

Foreign Investment in Malaysia and Its Impact on Economic Growth Essay

Foreign direct investment (FDI) means an international capital flows in which a firm in one country creates or expands a subsidiary in another (Krugman & Obstfeld, 2006). Directly, it means the subsidiary not only has the financial obligation towards its parent company, it extends to the same organizational structure and value. Theoretically, companies involve in FDI due to cost saving on the location, usage of abundance resources, technology transfer, vertical integration (coordinating supply and demand to an agreed price) and currency exchange that will reduce cost and increase value to shareholders. FDI in a host country is expecting to boost the manufacturing and services industry and consequently boost up the economy. FDI impact on economy and social The area has been widely studied by economist and among others, in East Asia, FDI is used as channel of increasing capital stock and it has positive effect on the economic growth in Vietnam (Thu Thi, Paitoon, & Bangorn, 2010) and more growth in Vietnam if the invest is done in education, training, financial market development (Anwar & Lan Phi, 2010). FDI increase wages of skilled and unskilled labour (Oladi, Gilbert, & Beladi, 2011) and it could increase the household spending in the host country. However, the distance of investors from origin country to destination or host country plays an important role in promoting FDI in the latter. This is a sample of macroeconomic gravity impact whereby the investors easily commute from their home country and understanding of the custom and language could reduce the barrier in communication. Foreign investment could contribute in ethical and structural norm in an organization rather than the western cultural transfers. Local cultural norm shall be adhered to during the negotiation process in order to have a win-win situation between investors and local entrepreneur. It is also discussed that political stress may impacted the inflow of FDI by tightening the rules and regulation which in turn will make the investment environment in destination country is less attractive compare to global environment. FDI are positive correlated with network (Shaner & Maznevski, 2011) and regional integration (Nathapornpan Piyaareekul & Peridy, 2009); host countries’ levels of financial market and institutional development, better governance and appropriate macroeconomic policies (Polpat, Bangorn, & Paitoon, 2011; Vadlamannati, Tamazian, & Irala, 2009); productive improvement and learning experience from previous FDI (Takechi, 2011). Therefore, a good support from the government is vital in promoting the FDI in host country. Not only FDI expect good support from the government, study shows that FDI creates instability and worsen crisis (Kazi, 2011). The way to control FDIs in one country are defined the terms and sectors which they are allowed to invest; do a thorough risk assessment on the portfolio; and resolve global dispute in an organization such as World Trade Organization (Cohen, 2009). FDI and determinants are co-integrated. Among determinants FDI factors in Malaysia are openness of a company, interest rates, inflation rate, China joining WTO1 and level of corruption.(Ting-Yong & Tuck-Cheong, 2010). Comparing to ASEAN as a whole, FDI is looked as more market-seeking rather than profit-seeking due to growing internal markets (Siew-Yong, Chen-Chen, & Hui-Boon, 2010). Contrary, Prema-chandra and Swarnim (2011) found that FDI in Malaysia has eroded compare to outflow to another countries. World Trade Organization Facts on FDI in Malaysia (2002-2011) Annual percentage growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources2. Data from World Bank (Chart 1 and Chart 2) revealed that FDI into Malaysia has a significant increment over past decade. However, there was a drop of FDI net inflows in 2009, due to world economic recession in 2008. The uptrend is picking up to a highest point at approximately USD12 billion from the last decade. Comparing to our neighboring country, Thailand, whom has a higher GDP, it has the same effect except the decline trend after 2010. It might be influenced by political crisis in Thailand since 2008 that effected international companies’ decision to extend their business in Thailand. From Chart 3, we gathered that the gross capital formation for Malaysia approximately between 20% to 25% of our GDP, with the lowest point at 17.84% in 2009 after 2008 recession. Foreign investment inflows are following the same trend and it clearly shows that FDI dropped synchronize with capital formation following the recession.

“Low Income” Housing Typology in Vietnam

‘LOW-INCOME’ HOUSING TYPOLOGY IN VIETNAM: A PROPOSAL OF AFFORDABLE CLIMATE ADAPTIVE DESIGN FOR PROTOTYPE APARTMENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY In Vietnam, one of the fastest turning developing states, its first and biggest mega-urban part – Ho Chi Minh City ( HCMC ) – has been most affected by the quickly transitional procedure. The vulnerable urban development has been enduring due to the neglect to cultural suitableness, populating environment and quality, particularly in the ‘low-cost’ lodging sector. Furthermore, the economic crisis, which has been traveling on in recent old ages, has led to a strong demand peculiarly for a sustainable scheme to develop urban lodging for ‘low-income’ dwellers. Despite the monolithic demand of the market, the first low-cost flats introduced in Vietnam have been offering truly hapless life quality. Therefore, these bad merchandises create a common apprehension that ‘low-cost’ agencies ‘low-quality’ . This topical issue has been discussed widely for old ages ; so far there have been merely some general schemes put frontward without any elaborate counsel or solutions and equal illustrations of real-life application. This paper offers an low-cost climate-adaptive design for paradigm flat in HCMC which aims to offer practical solutions within the architecture facet to undertake the above mentioned issue. The proposal consists of accommodating common lodging architecture to modern urban compact flats to make new comfy and convenient life infinites while still exudating Vietnamese traditional place feeling. RESEARCH TOPIC â€Å"Viet Nam is one of the most vulnerable states in the universe to climate alteration despite being one of the least responsible for nursery gas emanations. This is peculiarly distressing, as Viet Nam has enjoyed one of the best development records in recent old ages of any state in the world.†( Oxfam 2008, 3 ) Meanwhile, HCMC has been identified globally as one of the 10 metropoliss most likely to be badly affected by clime alteration. It has been ranked 5th by population exposed to the effects of clime alteration by 2070 ( IPCC 2007 ) . Furthermore, HCMC was recognized as the 28th most populated metropolis in the universe with over 8 million people by 2013 and could make to 12 million by 2025 ( Moens 2013 ) , clearly reflecting the high force per unit area on lodging sector. Over the past decennary, the building industry has been developing quickly in size alternatively of quality, particularly in footings of ‘low-cost’ lodging due to the low economic returns of such undertakings. Unlike the new residential developments for in-between and high-income categories, the recent few ‘low-income’ lodging undertakings are largely erected spontaneously with hapless proficient substructure and conveyance connexions, ensuing in unstable life conditions for the dwellers and environmental jobs for the metropolis ( Waibel 2007 ) . This will be even more serious as Vietnam urban countries still need over 3 million more of ‘low-cost’ lodging, including about 200.000 merely for HCMC ( MOC 2013 ) . For the last five old ages, this emergent issue has been discussed locally. It was discovered that a Numberss of solution demand to be addressed and sustainable architecture design is one of the cardinal component. The construct of sustainable architecture is comparatively new in Vietnam ; nevertheless, taking a expression back to Vietnam’s common lodging under the facet of architecture covering with hash natural conditions by environmentally friendly manner, it can be considered as a theoretical account for climate-adaptive architecture design. Vietnamese ascendants, who were born and raised in warm and humid clime, had a batch of experience in constructing traditional houses in order to accommodate to the natural and economic conditions, particularly Vietnamese civilization ( Waibel 2012 ) . Unfortunately, the advantages of common lodging are lost during rapid urban processing and being replaced by glass modern architecture without consideration of the local environment and the micro-climate of both inside and outside the edifices. â€Å"While traditional edifices can frequently non fulfill today’s comfort demands wholly, they provide, if operated right, acceptable comfort conditions with a low energy demand. Therefore modern sustainable edifices should incorporate traditional constructs and accommodate them into modern signifiers. However edifices presently constructed in Vietnam rarely enable such inactive energy salvaging potentials.† ( Waibel 2012, 15 ) Since ‘green architecture’ is rather a new construct to Vietnam, some recent edifices have been designed and labelled ‘green buildings’ despite the fact that their designs include merely of striking frontages and some verdure. In overview, sustainable architecture in Vietnam is merely a inactive short-run reaction to the topical tendency of ‘global clime change’ , alternatively of a sustainable long-run solution. To all extends, it is critical to deeply see the climatic design adaptation of new residential developments in order to guarantee a better life quality for Vietnam dwellers. This paper will concentrate on utilizing modern engineering but using selective constructs of common architecture adapted to the natural clime conditions within allowance budget peculiarly for low-cost flats. Particularly, this proposal emphasizes the usage of of course airing, sun shading, and sustainable edifice design with the kernel of Vietnamese civilization wh ich can be seen in both private inside infinites and communal exterior infinites. LITERATURE REVIEW In recent old ages, clime alteration and its major effects to the urban countries have been widely concerned all around the universe, HCMC is non an exclusion. Detecting the importance of this concern, HCMC has actively organised a figure of professional research workshops and conferences where many international every bit good as national specializers and designers have worked on a broad scope of issues and solutions. These are a few recent successful conferences and workshops:Vietnam Climate Adaptation Partnership. ( Vietnam – Nederlands )Future Mega Cities: HCMC undertaking. ( Vietnam – Germany )Key Challenges in the Procedure of Urbanization in HCMC ( Vietnam – USA )Connecting Delta Cities on version to climate alteration: Rotterdam, New York, Jakarta, London, New Orleans, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and HCMC.HCMC Adaptation to Climate Change ( Asian Development Bank in coaction with the HCMC Peoples Committee and DONRE )International conferences on Green Housing in Vi etnam.In general, the result of these researches defines the overall wide issues faced by the current lodging development and offers certain all-around schemes chiefly in the societal, economic and urban facets of development. However, such researches happen while edifice undertakings are being carried out, therefore their utility and application are instead limited. Nonetheless there are exclusions, for case, the Handbook for Green Housing – one of chief publications of Future Mega Cities HCMC Project – is practical and extremely recommended for presently townhouse’s stakeholders. Harmonizing to Waibel, the Handbook for Green Housing is a touchable end product presenting a comprehensive set of rules and steps by agencies of an easy to understand format. It besides introduced options that use the potency of Sun and air current to restrict natural disadvantages ; and targeted the new consumers of Vietnam, the quickly rising urban in-between category population, p resently in the procedure of raising new edifices or restituting their houses. ( Waibel, 2011 ) This type of practical enchiridions meets the emergent demand of the running market. While the current enchiridions are focused on town house, this paper targets low-cost flats, which are one of the two chief lodging typologies within HCMC urban development. On the other manus, the concluding proceedings of the conference on Green Housing in Vietnam between Tradition and Modernity raised many valid points to architecture community sing the losing function of traditional tropical architecture in Vietnam current and future lodging developments. â€Å"In Vietnam, the possible to advance climate-adapted architecture and energy efficient edifice is far from being exhausted. Due to the tropical clime a peculiarly big sum of energy for chilling and dehumidification is needed here. The economic roar has allowed building to turn tremendously. For the first clip, wide center categories have emerged. They are the most of import decision-makers in the building of new residential edifices and are therefore a cardinal group for greater sustainability. In this context the ‘rediscovery ‘ of traditional tropical architecture, which is based on natural airing, represents an of import opportunity.† ( Waibel 2012, 3 ) Furthermore, taking a expression back to some old single and smaller graduated table researches, it can finish and lend to the overall image. One of the first noteworthy publications on â€Å"Housing for Low-income Groups in Ho Chi Minh City between Re-Integration and Fragmentation – Approachs to Adequate Urban Typologies and Spatial Strategiesâ€Å" was published on ASIEN – The German Journal on Contemporary Asia in 2007. It has been clearly stated by Waibel – one of the cardinal international research workers in Vietnam for this field – that lodging units have to be constructed in a manner that ‘low-income’ people can afford them, to accomplish that, there is a demand for much better cooperation and schemes for the political, societal and economic feasibleness of the construct ( Waibel 2007 ) . Later on, ICEM – the International Centre for Environmental Management – conducted â€Å"TheHCMC Adaptation to Climate Change Studyà ¢â‚¬ which was commissioned by the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) in coaction with the HCMC Peoples Committee.This is one of the really first officially funded surveies demoing HCMC’s attempts in the practical climate-adaptive architecture facet. â€Å"The survey was conducted between February 2008 and July 2009. Of necessity it was a rapid appraisal undertaken within the context of the reproduction potency for local authoritiess, the handiness and handiness of local information and the demand for simple and practical responses which can be readily integrated with local development planning rhythms and processes.† ( ICEM 2009, 9 ) In add-on, late, there are some notable PhD thesises by Vietnamese research workers which worked on many different facet of sustainable lodging in Vietnam. So far, there are two distinguished thesises, which can be considered as the elucidation to the valuable connexion between common lodging architecture and modern-day climate-adaptive lodging design. First, Nguyen submitted his thesis on â€Å"Sustainable lodging in Vietnam: Climate antiphonal design schemes to optimise thermic comfort† in 2013. The purpose of his thesis is to develop design schemes toward comfy, energy-efficient lodging with a low budget based on surveies on Vietnam traditional lodging architecture. â€Å"A survey on slang and traditional lodging in Vietnam will complement the socio-cultural facet of this research and a life-cycle cost optimisation will supply schemes towards low-cost – comfy lodging in Vietnam.† ( Nguyen 2013, 5 ) There are a figure of high results from this thesis, nevertheless, the rules developed can merely be applied in theoretical researches by professionals and it seems impractical for public usage. Second, besides within 2013, another noteworthy thesis was published by Le on â€Å"Housing development state of affairs and climate-adapted design solutions for Hue City† which was extremely practical and easy apprehensible for common readers. The research proposed some peculiarly pressure and pressing solutions of extenuation and version to climate alteration. It adds specialised cognition for professional interior decorators in sustainable architecture, clime responsive, and low cost lodging. â€Å"From this research, the edifice schemes bring out sustainable life environment with the adaptative clime solutions. The schemes develop base on the local clime, local stuff, and traditional building methods and some scientific attacks. This survey will be the apparent for many solutions which use the advantage of local clime to cut down the cost of energy and back up a comfort life for inhabitants.† ( Le 2013, 1 ) Despite such positive properties, this survey has some limited points, such as the chief survey points of edifice development are located in Hue City, therefore holding somewhat different clime to HCMC. Furthermore, Hue City is merely an average-scale metropolis in cardinal Vietnam which is enormously different from HCMC in about every other facet. By and large, there are a huge spread in the degrees of researches from designers and professionals for such a topical issue of climate-adaptive design for HCMC lodging. However, the chief failing of those surveies mentioned above is their failure to turn to the practical solution peculiarly for a well design low-cost flat adapted to the local clime of HCMC, which should besides be easy shareable with common dwellers as a paradigm for farther developments. Hence, this design proposal will non merely concentrate on modern building engineering but besides aiming on Vietnamese civilization facets. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Throughout some initial researches mentioned above on lodging for ‘low-income’ dwellers in such a mega metropolis like HCMC, it clearly shows that the success of lodging undertakings for ‘low-income’ groups is chiefly dependent on sustainable architecture, peculiarly climatic design version ( Waibel 2007, 76 ) . The cardinal inquiry demand to be figured out is: What is the cardinal of climate-adaptive architecture design to make quality-living ‘low-cost’ flats in HCMC? Based on old surveies of Nguyen and Le on clime antiphonal design schemes of common lodging in Vietnam, there are two low-level inquiries in order to reply the chief inquiry:To what widen can the values of common architecture apply for modern flat undertakings in term of ‘low-cost’ climatic design solution?Can a ‘low-cost’ flat afford to hold the sense of Vietnam civilization?RESEARCH METHODS Those above mentioned inquiries could be answered through a series of surveies on four key Fieldss including:Contemporary climate-adaptive design techniques, particularly seting attending on ‘low-cost’ solutions.Climate antiphonal design technique of Vietnam common lodging architecture, farther sing civilization heritage features.Current common position of low-cost flats in HCMC.Good samples of low-cost lodging in other states, peculiarly developing states with the similar conditions.The results achieved should be adapted to the context of HCMC through effectual clime antiphonal design solutions and flexible combination of assorted design parametric quantities. The consistent solutions should run into the demands for a sustainable development. The more elaborate proposal workflow will follow as:Understanding the natural clime status of HCMC by utilizing both personal experiences as local dweller and computing machine truth clime analysis tools.Choosing and proving suited climatic design solutions by utilizing scale theoretical accounts and modern stimulate computing machine package.Detecting alone and applicable values of common lodging architecture utilizing archives and old surveies on traditional architecture.Identifying the strengths and failings of the current flat design in HCMC through site visits and direct speedy interviews with bing users. ( Currently under consideration as may hold issues with finance for travel to Vietnam and back )Researching the quality of presently in-use low-cost flats and choosing the noteworthy and applicable design solutions.Choosing a suited up-coming low-cost flat which have good location and already had full design proposal.Proposing a complete new design proposal based on old surveies.Making a comparing tabular array between two proposals including a series of design elements, advantages and disadvantages of both design. Concentrating on sustainable elements such as thermic comfort, natural airing, illuming, community, maximising utilizing infinites, etc, by utilizing computing machine stimulate package such as Autodesk Ecotech 2011and Climate Consultant 5.1. Further analyze utilizing architectural 3D mold package ( Autodesk CAD, 3Ds Max, Google SketchUp ) and proving straight on physical graduated table theoretical accounts.Comparing with at least two more similar undertakings.Listing the cardinal attacks and fundamental of the concluding design proposal.It is expected as a design based thesis so the research and computing machine analytical attacks should come along with the originative design facets in order to offer an aesthetic, comfy, low-cost, energy witting, quality life environment. Decision â€Å"If lodging conditions are unequal, it might be concluded that this is because some families are unable to demand lodging of an acceptable standard.† ( Michael 2000, 2 ) This statement points out a major job of all the mega-urban parts all over the universe, particularly developing states among which Vietnam and more peculiarly HCMC is typical. The metropolis has been enduring the rapid addition of economic and urban development without a sustainable elaborate scheme, taking to hapless life quality in about all residential developments, peculiarly in low-cost lodging sector. With the current planetary clime issues, the challenge of version to climate alteration is inevitable to urban planning and direction of the metropolis. These aggressive clime issues are critical in urban planning every bit good as edifice design, taking to the demand to better the degree of energy efficiency and version to climate. Thus, in recent old ages HCMC has shown strong finding on raising both measure and quality of ‘low-income’ lodging sector. This is reflected on a immense figure of published stuffs from international specializer corporations every bit goo d as single research workers undertaking this topical issue. However, so far, published researches are chiefly focused on the urban facets and town house typology, but have yet offered any practical solution and elaborate illustration for ‘low-cost’ flats. This paper aims to advance a climatic adaptative design paradigm of low-cost lodging for ‘low-income’ occupants in HCMC, in bend lending to the betterment of life quality and sustainability of development. Furthermore, it is expected that the consequences of this thesis can be easy refined and combined in to a practical enchiridion which can be applied widely non merely for constructing interior decorators but besides common dwellers. Last, the traditional lodging architecture takes a critical function in this research procedure in order to offer a modern design consistent with and representative of the Vietnamese civilization heritage. As many other states, common lodging in Vietnam has illustrated valuable illustrations of the harmoniousness between the nature and manmade constructions. ( Nguyen 2013, 20 ) 1

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg essays

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg essays The outcome of the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trial for espionage in 1951 and their subsequent execution in 1953 was directly related to the political climate at that time. The governments evidence against the Rosenbergs was not overwhelming, but due to a combination of fear and political pressure, the guilty verdict was inevitable. Even though Julius did not deliver the secrets of the atomic bomb to Moscow, nor did they cause the Korean War, as Judge Kaufman claimed, the pair were sentenced to death. Their death confirmed their guilt because America would never kill innocent people. Their execution also reinforced the heinous nature of their crime and other soviet spys crimes as well. The fear of communism and the cold war sealed the fate for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. "The cold war was the general term for the post-1945 political, ideological, strategic and military conflict between the western allies led by the United States and the Soviet Union and other communist countries." 1 This global confrontation was fuel by mutual fear and distrust. Both camps defaulted on postwar agreements which, led to further alienation.2 The end of WWII saw Europe economically devastated and in political turmoil. 3 The defeat of Germany left the European continent vulnerable to outside influence. In addition to the economic strength shown by the western allies, the United States not only had nuclear capabilities, but also without hesitation used the power twice. 4 The Soviet Union, in an effort to contract the economic and military might of the United States and its allies, set about tightening its grasp on the east European countries it had occupied during WWII. 5 In the years between 1945 and 1948 the Soviet Union gained control of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The Soviet Union hoped that by adding these separate governments and militaries, it could offset the United States nuc...

Free Essays on Cleveland Plan

The city of Cleveland has plans to make a couple changes on the city. There has been talk of a new budget coming in and with the budget they’re planning to add things that the community would need such as a bank, a newspaper, and other industries. More and more people are slowly moving into the city of Cleveland and with this in mind there is going to have to be a better transportation system to reroute goods and people throughout the city. Also a college is planning to be built by the end of the presidency. It is planned to be one of the finest colleges in the North. It will specialize in medicine and medical advancement. With the population in Cleveland continues to rapidly grow the city is in need a better way of transportation. The city currently has a good way of transporting goods for one city to the next but the time in very slow. This is causing a lot of problems and annoyances. The average transport time for a package is about seven to ten days. They community officials and government officials are planning to add a steamship empire. This is slowly rising to become the greatest thing that Ohio and the north have ever witnessed. It will lessen the transfer time and improve the rate of exchange or the country. The ports are being constructed and the boats are being moved in. the estimated time for completion is heard to be around the end of the presidency, around 1844 or later. The estimated cost for this is around $20 million dollars. This will make the biggest revolution in Cleveland and Ohio’s time. The Plain Dealer has been released now and has been successful. So the paper has been in circulation for the past few months and there has been great success. The estimated is to be about 5,000 to 6,500 people reading this paper every week. Even though Cleveland is a Republican area the paper is read a lot in the town. The paper is said to give democratic views to a republican community. This has been the first major pape... Free Essays on Cleveland Plan Free Essays on Cleveland Plan The city of Cleveland has plans to make a couple changes on the city. There has been talk of a new budget coming in and with the budget they’re planning to add things that the community would need such as a bank, a newspaper, and other industries. More and more people are slowly moving into the city of Cleveland and with this in mind there is going to have to be a better transportation system to reroute goods and people throughout the city. Also a college is planning to be built by the end of the presidency. It is planned to be one of the finest colleges in the North. It will specialize in medicine and medical advancement. With the population in Cleveland continues to rapidly grow the city is in need a better way of transportation. The city currently has a good way of transporting goods for one city to the next but the time in very slow. This is causing a lot of problems and annoyances. The average transport time for a package is about seven to ten days. They community officials and government officials are planning to add a steamship empire. This is slowly rising to become the greatest thing that Ohio and the north have ever witnessed. It will lessen the transfer time and improve the rate of exchange or the country. The ports are being constructed and the boats are being moved in. the estimated time for completion is heard to be around the end of the presidency, around 1844 or later. The estimated cost for this is around $20 million dollars. This will make the biggest revolution in Cleveland and Ohio’s time. The Plain Dealer has been released now and has been successful. So the paper has been in circulation for the past few months and there has been great success. The estimated is to be about 5,000 to 6,500 people reading this paper every week. Even though Cleveland is a Republican area the paper is read a lot in the town. The paper is said to give democratic views to a republican community. This has been the first major pape...

The Deccan Plateau in Southern India

The Deccan Plateau in Southern India The Deccan Plateau is an extremely large plateau located in Southern India. The plateau covers a vast majority of the Southern and central parts of the country. The plateau extends over eight separate Indian states, covering a wide range of habitats, and it is one of the longer plateaus in the world. Deccan’s average elevation is around 2,000 feet. The word Deccan comes from the Sanskrit word of ‘Dakshina’, which means south. Location and Characteristics The Deccan Plateau is located in Southern India in-between two mountain ranges: the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. Each rise from their respective coasts and eventually converge to produce a triangle-shaped tableland atop the plateau. The climate on some parts of the plateau, especially the Northern areas, is much drier than that of the nearby coastlands. These areas of the plateau are very arid, and do not see much rain for periods of time. Other areas of the plateau however are more tropical and have distinct, different wet and dry seasons. The river valley areas of the plateau tend to be densely populated, as there is ample access to water and the climate is conducive to living. On the other hand, the dry areas in-between the river valleys are often largely unsettled, as these areas can be too arid and dry. The plateau has three principal rivers: the Godavari, the Krishna, and the Kaveri. These rivers flow from the Western Ghats on the western side of the plateau eastward toward the Bay of Bengal, which is the largest bay in the world. History The history of the Deccan is largely obscure, but it is known to have been an area of conflict for much of its existence with dynasties fighting for control. From the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"The Deccan’s early history is obscure. There is evidence of prehistoric human habitation; low rainfall must have made farming difficult until the introduction of irrigation. The plateau’s mineral wealth led many lowland rulers, including those of the Mauryan (4th–2nd century  bce) and Gupta (4th–6th centuryce) dynasties, to fight over it. From the 6th to the 13th century, the Chalukya, Rastrakuta , Later Chalukya , Hoysala , and Yadava families successively established regional kingdoms in the Deccan, but they were continually in conflict with neighboring states and recalcitrant feudatories. The later kingdoms also were subject to looting raids by the Muslim  Delhi sultanate, which eventually gained control of the area. In 1347 the Muslim BahmanÄ « dynasty established an independent kingdom in the Deccan. The five Muslim states that succeeded the BahmanÄ « and divided its territory joined forces in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota to defeat Vijayanagar, the Hindu empire to the south. For most of their reigns, however, the five successor states formed shifting patterns of alliances in an effort to keep any one state from dominating the area and, from 1656, to fend off incursions by the Mughal Empire to the north. During the Mughal decline in the 18th century, the Marathas, the nizam of   Hyderabad , and the Arcot nawab vied for control of the Deccan. Their rivalries, as well as conflicts over succession, led to the gradual absorption of the Deccan by the British. When India became independent in 1947, the princely state of Hyderabad resisted initially but joined the Indian union in 1948.† The Deccan Traps The northwestern area of the plateau consists of many separate lava flows and igneous rock structures known as the Deccan Traps. This area is one of the largest volcanic provinces in the world.

Matthew McAllister Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Matthew McAllister - Essay Example This discussion asks that What factors have contributed to the change in the role of news? The greatest factor is, perhaps, the purchasing of television networks by movie studios. The movie studios, therefore, use their corporate ties with the television news networks so purchased to exert promotional pressures. Consequently, news lose their prime position as the news networks under entertainment corporations have to air ads during prime-time news. In addition, the television news networks lose control of the content they air as their sponsors dictate what suits their financial interests.According to the paper findings another major factor is to drive profits. In order to attract advertisers, news networks need not just an expanded viewership, but the viewership that interests advertisers. Since news mostly interests the elderly, news networks have adjust their broadcasting so as to rake in the youth as well. This is the rationale behind the reality show craze, as is the case with CB S which has been airing Survivor. It is not uncommon to find such stations holding a discussion on the outcome of the previous episode of the reality show during news time. Generally, news networks have transformed into entertainment and promotional zones.

Global transportation issues and challenges Thesis

Global transportation issues and challenges - Thesis Example nges and issues in the transportation industry that require consideration and concentration to build a better transportation industry throughout the world. The study utilized a quantitative methodology, distributing a survey to real-world sector professionals which was underpinned by the various challenges and problems uncovered in an exploration of industry reports and existing empirical research. In total, responses from 28 professionals in the trucking sector were collected. Based on all secondary and primary findings, the study found that the most dominant and extreme challenges in the transportation industry include gas tax burdens, technology resistance, infrastructure quality and integrity, driver shortages in the trucking sector, environmental regulation non-compliance and congestion. Significant challenges identified through research included maritime sector return on investment and market volatility, and problems with multilateral agency cooperation to achieve effective sus tainable transportation. The study further proposes a series of recommendations to potentially mitigate the most significant and extreme challenges for the industry. Transport is one of the most crucial activities in society, which is a necessity for establishing a developed and thriving civilization. Regardless of whether transport occurs by sea, land or air, there is an excess of complicated challenges that must be considered and overcome in order to ensure that citizens maintain opportunities for mobility, to reduce costs within this sector, and ensure the establishment of positive and thriving trade. In today’s developed economies, customers demand products and services that have been produced in countries throughout the world, such as wine from South Africa or even inexpensive computing systems from Korea (De Nazareth, 2011); to name only a few demands. This makes the establishment of a quality transportation infrastructure substantially critical to meet the complex and

Popular Culture As A Functional Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Popular Culture As A Functional Industry - Essay Example An evolution in pop culture facilitates many innovations in the contemporary world. For instance, people adopt new approaches of doing things through such phenomena as tourism, social systems, and technology (Miller, 2011). It is apparent that individuals adopt modes of dressing from day-trippers who visit their homelands. In addition, FaceBook, (most trendy social network) enables people to learn such things as new phrases, considered current at that time. Individuals from athwart the globe engage in forums created to address their interests through FaceBook (Miller, 2011). People constantly ape what celebrities upload on their twitter handles in order to appear civilized. In addition, there are diverse creations of deep friendships through the popular networks. These friendships facilitate sharing of knowledge, which further influences how these associates behave in society. Variably, popular culture further affects the manner in which individuals choose their daily diets. Evidentl y, there is dishonesty in such networks because of the diverse needs people have. In particular, these people sensor their accounts in order for them to depict a certain image to their associates. According to Miller (2011), these illusion makes recruiting agencies to hire wrong people who present wrong identification. According to Bainer (2001), popular culture facilitates the promotion of nationalism particularly when there is a goal to reach certain national expectations.  ... Popular culture activities for example sports additionally facilitate unity in various nations. Moreover, the sport of hockey is associated with Canada because of the number of times Canada excels in the sport and many Canadian nationals who excel in the sport. There is identification of nations through famous popular civilization activities for example tourism, television productions and food. According to Boellstorff (2008), the contemporary globe is virtual and experiences a diffusion of sorts in which there is a merge between culture and politics. For instance, congressional representatives have moved from the conviction that their jobs are serious and cannot mix with other social issues. This merge is evident in the willingness, which these representatives display in embracing recent innovations. In the past, there was no utilization of advanced popular culture in political endeavors. Currently, there is the inclusion of famous politicians on most entertainment programs on natio nal TV. It is normal for these politicians to be guests on the entertainment sports and socialize while seeking for votes. It is evident that the entertainment media amalgamates political concepts so that people who are least interested in politics understand it. There is a presentation of these political concepts in manners, which plead to divergent voters but most importantly young voters. Moreover, this young electorate has special interests in entertainment more than they value constitutional affairs because they are hardly seen participating in such issues. When there is a fusion of entertainment and politics, thus they experience many

Police Discretion Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Police Discretion Position - Essay Example One will find that it is very common throughout the country that virtually all of police work involves discretion, with the exclusion of mandatory arrests. Furthermore, it is not just the police officer who has to use discretion, but it is also the prosecutor deciding what charges to file or how the offender should be sentenced, and the judge who has the most discretion of all when it comes to setting the ultimate punishment at the culmination of the case. Therefore, it is unlikely that discretion is a myth. It simply must exist for the criminal justice system to function as is. Laws cannot be passed to cover every possible scenario, which makes the practice of using discretion necessary in law enforcement. According to Maggs (1992, pg. 1), "Few issues in criminal justice presently arouse the public's attention more than how much flexibility and discretion the police should have. Police departments and their officers traditionally have had broad authority to decide how to perform their work, and most people simply have trusted that they will exercise their powers in a professional manner. Yet, acceptance of the traditional arrangement has diminished, perhaps more in the past year than ever before. Disturbing incidents of misconduct, incompetence, and unresponsiveness have suggested to many a need for closer control over individual officers and for external constraints on departmental policy-making." There are a number of causes of discretion that should be taken into consideration. They are commonly grouped into three categories: offender variables, situation variables, and system variables. There are stern but true facts that surround each of these variables (APSU, 2007). The first group is offender variables. Juvenile complaints are taken less seriously than those made by adults. African Americans are more likely to receive excessive force or be arrested than other races. People who are polite and cooperative with police are treated better by them. Better police service is given to individuals with middle to upper income levels than other those in lower income brackets. Police also tend to handle situations involving individuals suffering from mental illnesses differently. Gender plays a role in how individuals are treated by police. Only some offenders are lectured and sympathized with by police (APSU, 2007). The second group is situation variables. Matters involving crime are taken more seriously by police than matters not involving crime. Police often overact to the presence of weapons or to resistance by an offender. Police actions are also affected by the type of property that is involved in a property crime and their decision whether or not to pursue any investigation on that crime. If a police officer initiates an act versus a citizen, it is more likely to be acted upon. When it comes to vice enforcement, visibility of the vice is the major factor in acting upon it. When the media, an audience, or witnesses are present, the police are far more likely to behave more bureaucratically than they would otherwise (ASPU, 2007). The final category is system variables.

Employee Fraud in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee Fraud in the UK - Essay Example This will ensure that they are correct and functioning in the right manner. 1. The auditors should help the management device means of preventing the fraud. The management should also put an internal control system that will help them prevent and curtail the fraud. This can be achieved by encouraging employees’ rotation in their duties. This will help remove the employee colluding with the customer from her position and hence will not have to give the customer the goods. This will also ensure that there is no collusion among the employees themselves to defraud the organization. To prevent further fraud resulting from the employees colluding with the buyers the organization should also ensure that the employees are paid well and are put under close supervision. They should also mechanize the system and allocate various people specific duties to minimize theft. For example, one worker should be charged with making the products inventory while another one is mandated with collect ing money from the customers. At the end of the day, these two should balance the sales with the money they had gotten to identify any mistakes that would have occurred and when they occurred and who was responsible. The audits should also be carried on a regular basis to ensure that proper records are kept any fraud is identified at an earlier stage. This will make individual employees more responsible and hence avoid the high rates of fraud in the company. 2. The auditors’ should recommend to the company to have honest employees in the supervisory level. The employees should be qualified, competent and efficient. They should also be well remunerated and should be allowed to develop themselves. This will help employees associate with the company and hence reduce the cases of fraud. The management should also make the employees aware of the levels of fraud taking place in the company. They should also conduct surprise internal audit and job rotation so that they can make empl oyees shun from committing irregularities. This will make employees more cautious and hence reduce rates of fraud. The organization should also hire a human resources manager who will hire and fire employees and will regulate the employees pay. The human resource manager will have all the serial numbers documented and clock cards and time sheets that will be used to record time. These clock times and the time sheets will be provided and approved for payments. The payroll should be approved by the top management committee. After the payments have been made, a thorough check should be done on the documents against the payments to ensure that they are in agreement. All the deductions that have been made during the checks should be documented. The monthly payroll should also be reconciled by an independent clerk. 3. The company should restrict the number of people handling the cash and ensure the returns are filed daily. The accounts should also be reconciled frequently, and the clerks handling any cash should be supervised.

Similarities and Differences between Baboon and Human Being Term Paper

Similarities and Differences between Baboon and Human Being - Term Paper Example Based on social behavior studies, psychological and physical stress levels remain exceptionally higher amongst individuals within the lower hierarchy. The social behaviors results include high blood pressure, suppressed immune system and increased stress hormones. It is imperative to note that due to the social behaviors baboons can differentiate real menace and neutral factor in a similar manner as behaviors of neurotic persons. In addition, both human beings and baboons believe that violence control implicates less stress and good health. Mostly, the highly sociable baboons normally have a healthier lifestyle and with minimal stress in a similar manner to human beings. Minimize social stress directly relates to reduces mental and physical torture with consequent comfort in health. The social build up is indispensable in a realization of least social stress, and it begins at birth amongst both baboons and human beings. Besides health-related stress similarities, baboons also have a strong tendency towards competition and aggression just like human beings. In a similar way as human beings, baboons develop inherent competitive urge when relating to each other. In addition to competitiveness aggression, baboons also directly get involved in decision-making processes in a similar way as human beings. Typically, baboons develop thinking and take sides during discussions both emotionally and rationally just like human beings. However, human beings slightly differ with baboons mainly because their decisions may surpass the immediate situation and environment. Furthermore, both the baboons and humans manifest wickedness and envy friendship in all their social associations. Another important social behavior relates to the unique personality developed by an individual and baboons.  

Employee Fraud in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee Fraud in the UK - Essay Example This will ensure that they are correct and functioning in the right manner. 1. The auditors should help the management device means of preventing the fraud. The management should also put an internal control system that will help them prevent and curtail the fraud. This can be achieved by encouraging employees’ rotation in their duties. This will help remove the employee colluding with the customer from her position and hence will not have to give the customer the goods. This will also ensure that there is no collusion among the employees themselves to defraud the organization. To prevent further fraud resulting from the employees colluding with the buyers the organization should also ensure that the employees are paid well and are put under close supervision. They should also mechanize the system and allocate various people specific duties to minimize theft. For example, one worker should be charged with making the products inventory while another one is mandated with collect ing money from the customers. At the end of the day, these two should balance the sales with the money they had gotten to identify any mistakes that would have occurred and when they occurred and who was responsible. The audits should also be carried on a regular basis to ensure that proper records are kept any fraud is identified at an earlier stage. This will make individual employees more responsible and hence avoid the high rates of fraud in the company. 2. The auditors’ should recommend to the company to have honest employees in the supervisory level. The employees should be qualified, competent and efficient. They should also be well remunerated and should be allowed to develop themselves. This will help employees associate with the company and hence reduce the cases of fraud. The management should also make the employees aware of the levels of fraud taking place in the company. They should also conduct surprise internal audit and job rotation so that they can make empl oyees shun from committing irregularities. This will make employees more cautious and hence reduce rates of fraud. The organization should also hire a human resources manager who will hire and fire employees and will regulate the employees pay. The human resource manager will have all the serial numbers documented and clock cards and time sheets that will be used to record time. These clock times and the time sheets will be provided and approved for payments. The payroll should be approved by the top management committee. After the payments have been made, a thorough check should be done on the documents against the payments to ensure that they are in agreement. All the deductions that have been made during the checks should be documented. The monthly payroll should also be reconciled by an independent clerk. 3. The company should restrict the number of people handling the cash and ensure the returns are filed daily. The accounts should also be reconciled frequently, and the clerks handling any cash should be supervised.

Event Organiser Essay Example for Free

Event Organiser Essay His duties as a project planning and operations manager include development, implementation and maintenance of a detailed plan and posting schedules based on input from team members. He is also responsible for ensuring that assigned projects reach the market on time and driving the completion of project related assignments in accordance with a detailed implementation plan. Event Organiser(Team Leader)  Event organisers are involved in the organisation of events. Event organisers must be able to complete a wide range of activities requiring clear communication and excellent organisational skills and must respond quickly to change, ensuring the smooth and efficient running of an event. Assistant Event Organiser An assistant event organiser does almost everything an event organisers team leader does but he is only there to help him with all the heavy tasks that have been given to him. He supports the Manager and team leader when organising all of the events held at the venue. This role includes reception duties, event organising, research and assisting customers on a daily basis.  Promotions Team Leader  His job is to lead a face to face sales team that generates financial support. He plays a direct role with the event organiser. His main job is to make people aware of the events that are to take place and get them interested to take part in it. He forms teams that will go on the street and send out flyers, pamphlets etc. Makes the media aware of the events. Promotions Helper  He does the job that involves meeting the people face to face and handing them out information such as surveys, events which are to come, asking for donations and charity funds to help their organisation which is made for the people itself. He follows the team leader and reaches his goal.  Clerical Helper(for Project Planning Operations)  This individual will provide administrative support to the manager and the promotions team leader. He does this by creating collateral materials for advertising, sales, press releases, and promotions, managing the purchasing and distribution of office supplies, apparel, and other products, providing general clerical and administrative support and performing other duties as assigned. Organisational chart for the Green team that incorporates the various roles that have been specified in the previous task.  Job Advertisement for an EVENT ORGANISER in a Green Team.  Job Title: Position for an Event Organiser/Planner  Location: Oxford House College Oxford Street  Job Type: Full Time/Part Time/Voluntary  Salary Range: 25000 30000 plus Bonus Incentives  Organization Description  Oxford House College is a Green team that specialises in helping spread awareness about the depletion of our natural resources and help people reduce their carbon emissions, helping people to reduce their wastage and show them different methods where they can be more environmentally friendly. To reach our goals we need exceptional people who are ready to help us and will be rewarded for their efforts while having fun at the same time.Selling sponsorship, stand, exhibition space to potential exhibitors/partners Arranging accommodation for exhibitors and/or delegates  Preparing delegate packs and papers  Creating, implementing and monitoring marketing and PR plans  Liaising with clients and designers to create a brand/look for the event  Co-ordinating with newspapers, tv, radio and other media  Writing press releases or briefs in order to gain maximum exposure for the event  Organising the design and production of tickets, posters, catalogues and sales brochures  Co-ordinating everything on the day of the event to ensure that all runs smoothly  Handling client queries on the day and troubleshooting exhibitor and visitor problems on the day  Overseeing the dismantling and removal of the event, and clearing the venue efficiently.

An Overview of Network Topologies

An Overview of Network Topologies A network topology refers to the way in which nodes in a network are connected to one another. The network structure defines how they communicate. It is the arrangement with which computer systems or network devices are connected to each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the network. Both logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network. Point-to-Point Topology Bus Topology In this topology, all devices share single communication line or cable. This central cable is the backbone of the network and is known as Bus. Every point communicates with the other point through this Bus. This topology may have problem while multiple hosts sending data at the same time. Therefore, Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host as Bus Master to solve the issue. It is one of the simple forms of networking where a failure of a device does not affect the other devices. But failure of the shared communication line can make all other devices stop functioning. Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only one direction and as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the data from the line. A signal from the source is broadcasted and it travels to all workstations connected to bus cable. Although the message is broadcasted but only the intended recipient, whose MAC address or IP address matches, accepts it. If the MAC /IP address of machine doesnt match with the intended address, machine discards the signal. A terminator is added at ends of the central cable, to prevent bouncing of signals. A barrel connector can be used to extend it. Below I have given a basic diagram of a bus topology and then have discussed advantages and disadvantages of Bus Network Topology Advantages Disadvantages It is easy to set-up and extend bus network. If the main cable (Bus) encounters some problem, whole network breaks down. Cable length required for this topology is the least compared to other networks. Proper termination is required to dump signals. Use of terminators is must. Bus topology costs very less. It is not suitable for networks with heavy traffic. Linear Bus network is mostly used in small networks. Good for LAN. Security is very low because all the computers receive the sent signal from the source. Table 1 Star Topology Ring Topology       Mesh Topology Tree Topology Hybrid Topology IP Addressing An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Two versions of IP technology exist today. Traditional home computer networks use IP version 4 (IPv4), but some other networks, particularly those at educational and research institutions, have adopted the next generation IP version 6 (IPv6). Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) IPv4 is the fourth version in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. IPv4 is described in IETF publication RFC 791 (September 1981), replacing an earlier definition (RFC 760, January 1980). IPv4 Classes Class IP Start Range Purpose A 0 127 B 128 191 C 192 223 D 224 239 Multicast E 240 255 Research Table 2 Class A Class B Class C Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) IPv4 vs IPv6 Comparison Feature IPv4 IPv6 Deployed 1981 1999 Size 32 bits (4 Bytes) 128 bits (16 Bytes) Unit Allocation 8 bits X 4 16 bits X 8 No of IPs 232 = 2128 = 3.4 X 1038 Unicasting Yes Yes Multicasting Yes Yes Broadcasting Yes No Any casting No Yes Address Format Dotted Decimal Notation (192.168.1.1) Hexadecimal Notation (3FFE:F200:0234:AB00::) Table 3 : IPv4 vs IPv6 Network Models Network models define a set of network layers and how they interact. There are several different network models depending on what organization or company started them. The most important two are: ISO OSI Model The International Standards Organization (ISO) has defined a standard called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This is a seven-layer architecture listed in the next section. TCP/IP Model This model is sometimes called the DOD model since it was designed for the department of defense It is also called the internet model because TCP/IP is the protocol used on the internet. ISO OSI Model Layer No Layer Name PDU Description 7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data-link 1 Physical VLANS Ethernet Network Standards No Tasks Week 1 Week 2 Week3 Week4 1 2 3 4 5 6 Table 5: Gantt Chart TutorialsPoint, 2017, DCN Computer Network Topologies. [Online]. Available at [Accessed on 18th February 2017]

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Use of Interchapters -- free essay w

The Use of Interchapters in The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck's, The Grapes of Wrath, is a narrative about the travel of the Joad family from Oklahoma to California. However, between many of the narrative chapters, Steinbeck inserts interchapters, which interrupt the flow of the narrative to provide the author's commentary. This technique is very effective because the interchapters create an image of the economic and social history that impact the story. They provide a broad picture of what is happening to the mass of migrants traveling to California on Route 66. Without the interchapters, the reader would be given a limited view of how life was for the migrants, and Stienbeck would not have been able to provide very effective commentary. Steinbeck uses some of the interchapters to set the tone and mood of the novel and to depict the life of the migrants that had to travel down Route 66 in the 1930's. For example, Steinbeck writes chapter seven using a newsreel technique. By using small pieces of spoken conversation, and half-thoughts, Steinbeck is able to create a mood of confusion and chaos. He creates an image of how the migrants were taken advantage of and gives the reader an impression of the hard times many of the migrants had to face. In addition, chapter five creates a clear image of the devastation that the farmers faced and their hatred for the "monster" bank. This interchapter allows the reader to experience the passion that the farmers have toward the land and the choices they had to make concerning betrayal of their own people. It presents the reader with a broad prospective of what is happening to the tenant farmers before ... ...the same position and because they know that they can depend on one another they realize the need of family and unity to get through hard times. Without interchapters that give Steinbeck's own commentary on the subjects, the novel would lack the social background that gives the reader insight into the lives of those affected by the Dust Bowl and would not allow the reader to feel sorrow for the migrants. The interchapters are very effective because they provide the reader with a clear image of what is happening physically, mentally, and emotionally to the migrants as they travel to California. Without the interchapters, the reader would not be able to fully understand the hardships these people faced and Stienbeck would not have been able to give his insightful commentary. Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbeck's Use of Interchapters -- free essay w The Use of Interchapters in The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck's, The Grapes of Wrath, is a narrative about the travel of the Joad family from Oklahoma to California. However, between many of the narrative chapters, Steinbeck inserts interchapters, which interrupt the flow of the narrative to provide the author's commentary. This technique is very effective because the interchapters create an image of the economic and social history that impact the story. They provide a broad picture of what is happening to the mass of migrants traveling to California on Route 66. Without the interchapters, the reader would be given a limited view of how life was for the migrants, and Stienbeck would not have been able to provide very effective commentary. Steinbeck uses some of the interchapters to set the tone and mood of the novel and to depict the life of the migrants that had to travel down Route 66 in the 1930's. For example, Steinbeck writes chapter seven using a newsreel technique. By using small pieces of spoken conversation, and half-thoughts, Steinbeck is able to create a mood of confusion and chaos. He creates an image of how the migrants were taken advantage of and gives the reader an impression of the hard times many of the migrants had to face. In addition, chapter five creates a clear image of the devastation that the farmers faced and their hatred for the "monster" bank. This interchapter allows the reader to experience the passion that the farmers have toward the land and the choices they had to make concerning betrayal of their own people. It presents the reader with a broad prospective of what is happening to the tenant farmers before ... ...the same position and because they know that they can depend on one another they realize the need of family and unity to get through hard times. Without interchapters that give Steinbeck's own commentary on the subjects, the novel would lack the social background that gives the reader insight into the lives of those affected by the Dust Bowl and would not allow the reader to feel sorrow for the migrants. The interchapters are very effective because they provide the reader with a clear image of what is happening physically, mentally, and emotionally to the migrants as they travel to California. Without the interchapters, the reader would not be able to fully understand the hardships these people faced and Stienbeck would not have been able to give his insightful commentary.

Terrorism and the Survival of the Species Essay -- September 11 Terror

Terrorism and the Survival of the Species Terrorism is simply a violent form of political communication. The message of September 11, 2001 ran as follows: America, it is time you learned how implacably you are hated. The airplanes used were the terrorist's version of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles aimed at Americas' innocence. That innocence, the terrorists loudly declared, was a luxurious and anachronistic delusion. A year after the attack, one is free to taste the bile of its atrocious ingenuity. It is already trite - but stringently necessary - to emphasize that such a mise en scène would have embarrassed a studio executive's storyboard or a thriller-writer's notebook ("What happened today was not credible," were the words of Tom Clancy, the author of The Sum of All Fears). And yet in broad daylight and full consciousness that outline became established reality: ten dollars worth of box-cutters produced ten million tons of rubble. Several lines of US policy were bankrupted by the events of September 11, 2001 among them national missile defence. Someone realised that the skies of America were already teeming with missiles, each of them primed and cocked. If the architect of this destruction was Os... ... from above will replenish the source of all terror from below: unhealed wounds. This is the familiar cycle so well caught by the matter, and the title, of VS Naipaul's story, Tell Me Who to Kill. Our best destiny, as planetary cohabitants, is the development of what has been called "species consciousness" - something over and above nationalisms, blocs, religions, ethnicities. During this time of incredulous misery, I have been trying to apply such a consciousness, and such a sensibility. Thinking of the victims, the perpetrators, and the near future, I felt species grief, then species shame, then species fear.

Analysis around Freuds view of the human mind Essay

This essay aims to discuss the key ideas behind Freud’s theories, including his model of the mind, psychosexual development, repression and cure through therapeutic techniques. Sigman Freud (1856 to 1939) was an Austrian physician, with an interest in the workings of the subconscious mind. â€Å"Freud spent his life trying to produce coherent a set of theories to explain all human behavioural, but never achieved his goal of one grand theory, (Benson, 1999, P48).  According to Freud, the mind has three levels of consciousness. The conscious equates to 1/7th of the mind, being ‘the awareness we have when awake.’ The pre-conscious, is a boundary containing memories of dreams, and causing slips of the tongue. Finally, the unconscious. Making up 6/7ths of the mind and containing ‘thoughts completely hidden and unavailable to us,’ (Benson, 1999, P47). Freud’s model divides the mind in to three parts: the Id, Ego and Superego. He believed that the first to develop was the Id, operating on the pleasure principle, in the unconscious mind. The Id ‘is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality,’ (Freud, 1933 p27). It drives a baby to seek pleasure, like ‘drink food warmth and comfort and avoid the unpleasureable, like hunger, being wet and cold†¦ The Id is selfish and ‘not concerned with social rules, but only with self gratification,’ (Cardwell et al, 1997 p549). The Id is made of two components. Benson (1999, P51) describes the first, Libido, as ‘the inborn energy we have that motivates us to survive.’ The second component, Freud named Thanatos, and described as the death instinct, expressed through aggression towards self and others. Cardwell et al (1997) explain that the Id’s discharge of energy and excitation without regard for consequence is known as primary proc ess thinking. At around two years old the human mind recognises the need to be realistic and plan for the future, rather than surviving on primary instinct. Thus the ego develops. Operating on the reality principle, it battles the Id for control of behaviour. Unlike the Id, the Ego has a partly conscious, secondary thought process. ‘The ego is still, however, essentially selfish, i.e. protecting the individual from harm,’ (Benson, 1999, p51). At around 3, we start to absorb influence from our parents and the Super Ego begins to develop. The Super Ego expands from our learned morals and the conventions of society. ‘Super means above – looking down and monitoring the â€Å"Id-Ego† Battle,’ (Benson, 1999, P52). Like the Ego, the Super Ego is partly conscious; however it is not selfish and considers others too. As it develops it becomes ‘our social conscience and guides us towards sociably acceptable behaviour.’ (Cardwell et al, 1997, p549).  Freud was responsible for modern society’s understanding of the effects childhood experiences can have on adult personalities. He split the childhood into five stages of psychosexual development. During the first, the Oral stage from 0 to 2 years, the only drive present is the Id. Focused on survival, the Id drives the baby to feed by suckling. Thus the mouth becomes the main source of pleasure. Benson (1999, p52) states that ‘through oral satisfaction the baby develops trust and an optimistic personality.’  From 2 to 3 years, the child becomes aware of its bowels and how to control them. Here begins the Anal Stage, as ‘the focus of gratification shifts to the anus†¦ aiding with potty training,’ a vital step to independence and survival, (Benson, 1999, P54). However, withholding elimination goes against the Id’s nature of random discharge without regard for consequence. This results in the requirement for an ego to develop, ‘and as such has important implications in the personality later in life,’ (Cardwell et al, p550, 1997). The phallic stage, from 3 to 5 years, starts when children become aware of sexual differences and become curious about their own genitals. Benson (1999) explains that boys will develop differently to girls from here on. Boys will develop Oedipus Complex and unconsciously experienced a sequence of sub stages. Firstly he will develop a strong desire for his mother. Then, after noticing the strong (sexual) bond between her and his father, he will become deeply jealous of his father and hate him. The boy’s fear of his father uncovering these thoughts instils a fear of the ultimate punishment, castration. The boy resolves that to avoid castration by pleasing his farther, and at the same time impress his mother, he must become like his father. This is called identification. Girls, having unconsciously concluded that they have already been castrated, do not develop the same fears. Though, ‘since their mother is the same, girls also end up identifying, i.e. adopting their mother’s morality and gender roles. This was always rather vague’ and known as the Electra Complex (Benson, 1999, p56).